Computer Games Essay

Farmville, DotA, Cafà © World, City Ville, Plants Vs. Zombies are just among of the few computer games that are in demand not only among the youth today but also to some adults. These computer games surely bring us entertainment and fun but is that really what’s into it? Have you ever thought of what are the effects of these games to our minds and attitudes? Computer games conquer the minds of our youth today. Through these games, we are able to make friends all over the world. These games could also help our minds because while playing we think of different strategies to win. These helps keep our minds off of the things we don’t want to think about. But are these benefits worth it, when once you get addicted to these you might not think of doing more important things? For me, computer games are fine but once you put all of your time playing these then you might want to think of controlling yourself. Why? Because it might divert your attention from your duties and responsibilities. As a youth and a student, I think that we should focus on our studies more because our studies would make a great impact on our future. If you study more, then you’ll have a greater chance of having a bright future. I am not saying that you should not play such computer games. You could play but make sure that you could control yourself, manage your time, and keep it in moderate. Remember, staying in front of the computer for so long could damage your eyes and your health because of radiation. Some even died because of addiction to the game DotA. I’m not a fan of this game because of its characters that seem to promote the devil. Computer games bring us enjoyment and amusement but we should all think of its effects to us and what it really teaches us before we get indulged on playing such. I don’t have a thing against the gamers but it is good to keep things in moderate. Not only in computer gaming but in other things as well.

Immune System and Page Ref

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short Answer Figure 12. 1 Using Figure 12. 1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 2) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 3) The lymph duct is indicated by lettter __________. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by letter __________. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 7) The tonsils are indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 8) The thymus gland is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by letter __________. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 2 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by letter __________.Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. Answer: blood plasma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-40413) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. Answer: edema Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40314) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments. Answer: trabeculae Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40615) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. Answer: efferent lymphatic Diff: 2Page Ref: 40616) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn -out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: spleen Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40717) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that p rotect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. Answer: MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40818) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________. Answer: pathogens Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40919) The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer: chemotaxis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41120) The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. Answer: diapedesis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 412 321) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surf ace is called __________. Answer: complement fixation Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41322) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________.Answer: opsonization Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41323) C ells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________. Answer: self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41624) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. Answer: haptens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41625) When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer: clonal selection Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41826) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit __________. Answer: active immunity Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42027) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer: immunoglobulins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42128) The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer: IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42229) The binding of antibodies to specific sit es on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer: neutralization Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42430) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called __________.Answer: agglutination Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42431) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. Answer: cytotoxic T cells Diff: 3 Page Ref: 425 432) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. Answer: allergens or hypersensitivities Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43033) Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________.Answer: anaphylactic shock Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43034) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________. Answer: helper T cells Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43135) A tr opical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer: elephantiasis Diff: 2 Page Ref: 431Multiple Choice1) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called: A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 403-4042) Lymph flows: A) in a circular pattern within the tissues B) away from the heart only C) toward the heart only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4043) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the: A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 404; 406 54) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4045) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes: A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves similar to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 405-4066) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) thymus gland Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4088) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) appendix E) Peyer's patches Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-408 69) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40810) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyer's patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40811) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity: A) spleen B) Peyer's patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40712) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyer's patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40813) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease -causing microorganisms is: A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409 714) Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is: A) faster B) slower C) the same speed D) sometimes faster and sometimes slower E) not comparable in speed Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40915) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-41516) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41217) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indic ators of the inflammatory response: A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) pain Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 410-41218) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed ar ea along a chemical gradient is called: A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixationAnswer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411 819) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 411-41220) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 413; 41521) The body's temperature-regulating â€Å"thermostat† that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41522) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41523) The study of immunity is called: A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 415 924) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41625) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity: A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease B) scientists of the 1800s discovered â€Å"factors† now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from diseaseD) scient ists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41526) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41627) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41728) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages: A) they are considered the â€Å"big eate rs† of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1029) B cells develop immunocompetence in the: A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41730) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42031) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42032) Vaccines are NOT for: A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42033) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 421 1134) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure: A) they consist of four amino acid chains B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds C) the heavy chains are identicalD) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long E) the light chains are often of differing lengths Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 421-42235) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the â€Å"stem† of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4223 6) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42237) IgA: A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42338) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 423-424 1239) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42340) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) co mplement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42441) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42542) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: A) an unrelated person B) a parent C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42743) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429 1344) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is: A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 422-42345) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin co ntact with poison ivy would normally lead to: A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43146) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called: A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42947) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosisÃ'‚C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 429True/False1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4042) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 143) Lymph in the ri ght arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4044) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4085) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyer's patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4086) Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells well before the immune system i s activated. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4107) Some pathologists consider limitation of joint movement to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4128) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 4129) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Diff : 1 Page Ref: 41310) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41511) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41512) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41613) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 418 1514) Extremely weakened pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42015) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42116) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42117) There are three major immunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42218) The antibody a mo ther passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42420) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42721) An antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41622) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42723) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 42724) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43025) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and attaching foreign antigens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 1626) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 435 Matchi ng Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue:1) Located on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff: 1 Page Ref: 407 B) spleen2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 C) Peyer's patches D) tonsils3) Located overlying the heart Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4084) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff: 2 Page Ref: 407-4085) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4086) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff: 1 1) B Page Ref: 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following protective mechanism with its associated element:7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff: 1 Page Ref: 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff: 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref: 409 G) gastric juice10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40911) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40912) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40913) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff: 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref: 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class:14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA15) First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE16) Main antibody of primary and secondary responses Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42317) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42318) Triggers the release of histamine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42319) Potent agglutinating agent D iff: 3 Page Ref: 422-42320) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff: 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref: 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) DEssay1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 403-404 192) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart.Answer: The return of lymph to the heart is aided by: 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax during brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 404-4053) Describ e several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer: Skin produces acid secretions that inhibit bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4094) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess f luid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 410-4125) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 409-4116) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer: Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unre lated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4277) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.Answer: Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one theory that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These â€Å"hidden† antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 429 20

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions Assignment - 2

Business Models and Planning Chapter Questions - Assignment Example The researcher states that international ventures are defined as project prospective transformed to processes with investment coupled with adequate risk. International ventures undergo different situations in the business world. First, Human resource management has been a big issue that must be solved to boost economic situations in the world. Human resource activities comprise of everyday practices of managing people and formulating policies in given organizations. The human resource offers the platform to indicate how workers will be managed. Majority of organizations are getting into fresh global markets so as to develop and sustain competitive advantages in the competitive environment. According to Hoque, human resource creates a tussle between the employer and employees when issues such as salaries rise. To accomplish international expansions, many organizations have resorted to using different market strategies. Another important event is co-operation. Studies indicate that glo balization has created an effect for organizations to collaborate thus seeking new opportunities to work together instead of identifying situations to achieving majority control. Whereas control plays a pivotal role in international ventures, co-operation is crucial in enhancing chances of success in international business ventures. Attempted control of the business and pursued efforts of co-operation requires trust from various patterns. Trust is crucial in management efficiencies. Manipulation also affects international business ventures. It is very clear that new ventures could manipulate the environment through ganging up with well-established companies. Manipulation implies creating changes in an environment in order to attain uniformity between venture and the environment. The act of manipulation could be regarded as an opportunistic and purposeful attempt to influence, co-opt and control both evaluations and institutional pressures.

Managing communication,knowledge and information Case Study

Managing communication,knowledge and information - Case Study Example Contrarily informal information has no definite format. It is not structured. Telephone calls, notice boards, memos, notes etc. are most common types of informal information. Knowledge can be stated as the useful insight and wisdom which gets developed from the processed information (Bazerman and Chugh, 2006). Knowledge can be essentially of two important types, namely tactic and explicit. Tactic knowledge is found through the companies own vision, experience, practice, values, thinking and perceptions. While on the other hand explicit knowledge is largely found existing in documents and other recorded forms. It is highly formalized and codified. Such knowledge can be recorded in different artifacts, books, records, patents and database etc. The spiral conversation is a model which interlinks socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. The model states that communication moves from being tactic to explicit and vice-versa in a spiral or revolving form. Hence it is understood that for explicit knowledge to exist, the tactic knowledge must be generated. Similarly, tactic knowledge derives out of explicit knowledge. Classic badges can make use of the system by incorporating a systematic conversation technique which transforms tactic into explicit knowledge and the reverse. In case of Classic badges, for making their business successful, timely information from customers in respect of demand is essential. This would require suitable communication channels which would transmit information within less time. Also, suitable information channels must be established with suppliers of materials (Robbins and Judge, 2013). From the procured information, organizations are required to establish rational connections exercising their skills and understanding and formulate knowledge base which guides in taking crucial decisions. In case of Classic Badges, the timely information in respect to demand and

Advertising as social communication -- semiotics Essay

Advertising as social communication -- semiotics - Essay Example Karl Marx has defined commodities as products that are independent in nature and have some form of value that humans need or enjoy (Economic Manuscripts, 1993). The ad that is chosen for this particular topic is that of Marlboro cigarettes which are quite known and popular in the world being one of the most bought of that particular commodity. Cigarettes are now sold worldwide and a large part of the global population smoke and the tobacco companies are trying harder now than ever to maintain the brand loyalties that they have earned over the years from their customers. Not only this, companies strive now at a greater pace to perhaps snag a few customers from other brands or to pull in those who have recently begun smoking. So one can say that Marlboro cigarettes are a lifestyle commodity and one of which the exchange value sign value has been overshadowed by its use value. As in the marketing world exchange is a major component and for any exchange to take place there has to be knowledge in the minds of the consumers or buyers and sellers. This particular ad attempts to project to the general public that their particular need can be complimented by the use of this particular brand of cigarette. Thought a lot of advertisements may rely on the idea of abstraction to convey their message across to the public there is a certain risk that is to be ascertained when this route is taken. Not everyone may be on the same page as those who created the advertisement and the whole concept may not even be mean what the people behind the desk even wanted. There is no real form of abstraction in this particular advertisement that has been published by Marlboro. The simple idea is to introduce the product and a male figure has been introduced with who the male population at large is sensed to be on the same level with. The typical western theme that has been employed by this particular company again is highlighted as a sense of manliness is trying to

Discounted cash flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discounted cash flow - Essay Example One of the valuation tools that analysts use to determine the stock valuation is discounted cash flow. They try to determine current value estimating future cash flows. Cash Flow is taken into account while making all estimations. Cash Flow (Free) gives far clear picture about the company for it takes into account the change in working capital as well as all investments made during the period. It can be expressed as under. Cash Flow = Net Profit+ Depreciation/Amortization-Expenditures-changes in working cap. Analysts take into account cash flows because it is difficult to manipulate while earnings can be manipulated and adjusted. (Free Cash†¦) When estimated cash flows are discounted to the present value as per the cost of capital for the number of years of operation, it gives a clear picture for the benefits accrued from the investments made in the company. Mathematically, it can be expressed as Present Value = CF1/(1+K)+ CF2 / (1+K)2 +CF3/ (1+K)3 +.......[TCF / (K  - R)] / ( 1+K)n-1 CFi = Cash flow in the year 1, 2, 3†¦ K = discount rate TCF = Cash flow in the terminal year R= growth rate assumption beyond terminal year n = the number of years including the terminal year In short, above model gives the present value of the company based on the cash flow estimates of the future. DCF analysis implies that the company is worth all the cash that can be made available to the investors in the future. Future cash flows are discounted to the present value so that comparison becomes possible on investments made and benefits accrued. All future benefits of the investments made accrue at different time intervals, for example, at the end of year 1, 2, 3, and so on. Methodology and formula is same for all the analysts yet end results will differ for the following reasons. 1. The Discount Rate taken into calculation will be different for different analyst. The discount rate is usually the cost of capital. Each company is made of debt and equity in its capital st ructure. The cost of debt can be known easily as per the going rate in the market but estimating the cost of equity is a bit complicated task where each analyst applies his or her judgment. The equity is shareholder’s money and not without the cost. It has also certain indirect cost implications. The share holders of the company expect to obtain a certain return on their equity investments. Equity is a risk capital and depending upon the general economic conditions of the market, share holder wants certain minimum return over and above risk free return available to them in the market. If the company does not meet shareholder’s expectation, they will simple exit from the company. That will cause the fall in the market price of the shares. In other words, the company must give some minimum return to the shareholders to maintain the price of shares in the market. This is, in a way, the cost of equity for the company. Every analyst will have own perception on this cost of equity. Thus, each analyst will have some different discounting factor in their mind. This will also vary as per the economic conditions of the country and risk factors associated with the company. 2. Cash Flow Forecast is another critical parameter where two analysts estimate always differ. It is always easy to forecast the cash flow for a few years down the line but it is not possible to have these estimates without error beyond few years. Each analyst’s perception about future market conditions and overall economic scenarios come into play. Some analyst may have a cautious approach in estimation of future cash flows while other may be a bit liberal or optimist in the projections. It is obvious that this will have a bearing on the valuation of the stock and cause variance on valuation of the stock. (Free Cash†¦) 3. The Growth Rate beyond the terminal year is a long visionary assumption. Farther we go, more difficult it becomes to arrive at the agreement on values. When company reaches to the maturity cycle after a few years of operation, it

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Argument - Essay Example scribes the preference given by educational institutions to certain applicants on the basis of their familial relationship to alumni of that institution. There is a long history of legacy admissions at American universities and colleges. Ivy League institutions such as Yale, Harvard etc. are estimated to admit 10% to 15% of freshmen based upon this factor. (Lexington). Harvard actually has special levels of legacy preference, methodically and elaborately distorting its standards on behalf of its alumni. The family of middle-class alumni enjoys a modest edge; the children of major donors receive double preference in the case of admissions. (Daniel Golden) This fact is confirmed by national surveys conducted by American Association of College Registrars and Admission Officers showing that legacy admissions are made at both public and private institutions. Also supporting are the statistics that show the percentages of legacies in different colleges that are definitely more than affirmative action admissions- Notre Dame 23%, Harvard 11%, University of Pennsylvania 14%, Princeton 11% and University of Virginia 11%. (Howell & Turner) Colleges should not give any preference to those who are more likely to have other socioeconomic advantages anyway, such as the children of alumni. Admissions should be made strictly on the ground of merit and exceptions should be made only on morally acceptable grounds such as talent and underprivileged class or race etc. A great example of the injustice of the legacy system is George W. Bush who was admitted at Yale in 1964 with an average grade of C and SAT verbal score of 566 just because he was a third generation legacy. How do you justify that? His admission and of those like him reduces the admission chances of meritous students who expend enormous effort in getting good grades or honing special talents this practice also uses up seats reserved for affirmative action admissions of blacks and others. Affirmative action refers to