Irony in “Top of the Food Chain” by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay

T. Coraghessan Boyle’s â€Å"On Top of the Food Chain† is more than just a narration of a selfish person’s mistakes. The narrator’s tone is a literary element used to show man’s indifference for organisms that are of no immediate benefit or are a nuisance to them. _†The thing was, we had a little problem with the insects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ _ The narrator’s tone in â€Å"Top of the Food Chain† is quickly shown as self-centered in working for his comforts and indifferent to the havoc his choices make on the environment. Humans believe that we can solve everything that is put upon us, but there is always a catch. In this story, Mother Nature proves us that she can always be ahead of how humans perceive things. From the very first sentence, the narrator is portrayed as a self-serving person. In charge of a group bringing health care to a third-world village, his choices to improve the lives of the villagers lead to wreaking chaos on the local food chain. The improvements start by poisoning the flies. When the geckos that feed off of these flies die due to starvation, the cat population also diminishes. When the cats are gone, the rat population is left unregulated and is allowed to spread disease to the humans and ruin their crops. The narrator’s condescending tone towards these disastrous events is the most significant factor that Boyle uses to develop his theme. The narrator assumes he is at the top of the food chain, and he has no problem killing off the smaller species. However, the narrator is too indifferent to realize that by hurting the lower members of the food chain, he has hurt himself. This is what shows the true irony in the story. The narrator did something that he believes is good for him, but instead it ends up being entirely the opposite of it. The story reflects that humans can do immoral things, without thinking well of the consequences and the effect it is going to have on others. â€Å"Top of the Food Chain† is ironic since Mother Nature got back at all of the selfishness that was portrayed in the story. Global Warming is a great example of how nature can get back to humans because of our own selfish actions. Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. The release of carbon dioxide damages the atmosphere, which cause drastic changes in the climate. However, his tone following the severe circumstances that played out in the story implies that he simply does not care about anything other then what he wants. The narrator’s arrogance and belief that he can do what ever he wants without hurting himself reflects his idea that he is Top of the Food Chain. Unfortunately, he learns the hard way that his selfish actions turn around and hurt him in the end, which ends up being ironic. T. Coraghessan Boyle demonstrated us that nature can always get back to humans despite of whatever we do; selfish or unselfish.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay

Strontium ferrite is a ferromagnetic stuff and reported as holding hexangular magnetoplumbite type ( M-type ) construction. It is the most widely used lasting magnets throughout the universe, which account for approximately 90wt % of the one-year production of lasting magnets. In this survey, the Sr ferrite is synthesized utilizing sol-gel methods and the magnetic belongingss were analyzed. Chapter 1 gave debut about the construction of M-type hexangular Sr ferrite. Besides, some general magnetic belongingss will be discussed. Commercial applications of Sr ferrite would be discussed every bit good. Chapter 2 is all about the experimental inside informations, including the man-made techniques used for Sr ferrite, description of instrument used and processs carried out. Chapter 3 concentrated on the consequences on magnetic susceptibleness of hexangular Sr ferrite. Comparison between Sr ferrite and cation-substituted Sr ferrite was made. Chapter 4 concluded the whole probe of this survey. Suggestions for future surveies were besides discussed. Better apprehension of the belongingss and practical applications of Sr ferrite can be achieved through this survey.AbstractionThe belongingss of magnetoplumbite type ( M-type ) hexangular Sr ferrite has been investigated. The effort of permutation of Co ( II ) oxide and Ti ( IV ) oxide in order to bring forth a quaternate system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-XO where Ten represents the dopant cation was made. The synthesis is based on sol-gel method where ethene ethanediol is the gel precursor. This technique was employed because it was found to be able to bring forth nanoparticles of cation substituted Sr ferrite. Furthermore, sol-gel method can bring forth high outputs of Sr ferrite atoms. Overall, the magnetic belongingss were observed to be alteration after the cation permutation. Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) permutation in SrFe12O19 with different ratios were made in this survey to look into the consequence of cation permutation in magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite. Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) permutation in Sr ferrite with mole ratio of 0.4 showed the best magnetic belongingss that we desired for. The mass susceptibleness where X = 0.4 was found to be increase aggressively compared to the unsubstituted 1. Except the Co Ti permutation with mole ratio of 0.4, other cation permutation ratios showed lessening in mass susceptibleness which is non desirable. Therefore the cobalt-titanium permutation for SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 with X = 0.4 is the best to better magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite for assorted commercial applications. Reappraisal Strontium ferrite has been a topic of uninterrupted involvement and intensive survey for several decennaries due to the fact that this compound has been the the most widely used lasting magnets, which account for approximately 90wt % of the one-year production of lasting magnets since shortly after its find in the fiftiess. Strontium hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, is a ferrimagnet and is besides known as ceramic lasting magnet. When compared with alnico-magnets, Sr ferrite has high coercivity, moderate remenance, corrosion opposition and first-class chemical stableness [ 5 ] . Iron ( III ) oxide ( Fe2O3 ) is the chief constituents in SrFe12O19 which gives rise to its magnetic belongingss. Within the five different crystallographic sites of Sr ferrite, the Fe ions are coupled antiferromagnetically. Due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy field in its construction, SrFe12O19 exhibits high impregnation magnetisation and high coercivity [ 1 ] . The high magnetic permeableness in Sr ferrit e enables it to hive away strong magnetic Fieldss, which is stronger than Fe. Strontium ferrite is frequently produced as nanoscale size pulverization, which can be sintered into solid nucleuss. Strontium ferrite has been used for several of import industrial applications, such as lasting magnets, microwave devices and high denseness perpendicular entering media, with proper doping in order to better belongingss of Sr ferrite [ 1 ] . SrFe12O19 has besides been investigated as a medium for magnetic recording and magneto-optical recording and for long ( millimeter ) -wave devices [ 2 ] . Attempts have made to the development of fresh man-made methods which facilitate the production of all right hexangular ferrite atoms and to possible ways of cut downing their high intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The aim in this survey was to try the synthesis of cation substituted M-type hexangular ferrite SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 utilizing the sol-gel method. The sol-gel method has been used widely to bring forth all right atoms of a assortment of oxides. The consequence of doping Sr ferrite with Co ( II ) and Ti ( IV ) oxides to bring forth quaternate systems of SrO-Fe2O3-XO, where Ten represents the dopant cation would be tested. The all right atoms of cation substituted ferrite produced by utilizing sol-gel technique is desirable because the grain size of the stuffs used in magnetic recording is the chief factor finding the degree of background noise at low denseness. Magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite would be focus in this survey. Magnetic susceptibleness balance would be used to find the mass susceptibleness for both strontium ferrite and cation-substituted Sr ferrite produced utilizing the sol-gel method. The mass susceptiblenesss of the samples were compared to find the optimal sum of cation needed to dope to ferrite to give the best magnetic behavior.CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19Harmonizing to crystalline construction, hexaferrite can be classified into four types, these include M, W, Y and Z types hexaferrites which correspond to ( SrO + MeO ) : Fe2O3 ratios of 1:6, 3:8, 4:6 and 5:12 severally. SrFe12O19 is classified as M-type hexaferrite. The hexangular SrFe12O19 was foremost prepared by AdelskA?old in 1938 [ 2 ] . He besides confirmed that the crystal construction of this compound to be iso-structural with the of course happening ferrite mineral magnetoplumbite, and hence it has the M-type construction. Subsequently structural polishs for Sr hexaferrite have confirmed his finding [ 2 ] . Strontium ferrite is classified as hexangular ferrite. It is denoted as holding the infinite group P63/mmc. Harmonizing to the research made by Kimura et Al, the lattice parametric quantities measured are found to be: a = 0.588 36nm and c = 2.303 76nm at room temperature [ 2 ] . As shown for M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19 in Fig. 1.1, the crystalline constructions of different types of hexaferrites are unusually complex. The unit cell contains 10 O beds. A unit cell is consecutive constructed for four blocks, they are S ( spinel ) , R ( hexangular ) , S* and R* . The S and R blocks have tantamount atomic agreements and are rotated around the c-axis at 180A ° with regard to S* and R* blocks. Roentgen or R* block consists of three O2a?’A beds while S or S* block contains two O2a?’A beds ; with one O site in the in-between bed substituted by a Ba2+A ion [ 16 ] . The construction of Sr ferrite is similar to that of Ba ferrite, by merely replacing the Ba ion with strontium ion. Fig.A 1.1: A Structure of Ba hexaferrite Occasionally, a unit cell is comprises of two formula units. The unit cell consists of 64 ions per hexangular unit cell, which are 2 strontium ions, 38 O ions and 24 ferrous ions. The construction of magnetoplumbite are made of a bed of hexangular close jammed agreement of O and Sr ions, which is sandwiched between two spinal blocks incorporating a three-dimensional close-packed agreement of O atoms with Fe atoms. The Fe atoms are positioned at five interstitial crystallographically different cation sites of the close-packed beds, viz. 4f1 ( tetrahedral site, A sites ) , 12k, 4f2, 2a ( octahedral sites, B sites ) and 2b ( rhombohedral bipyramidal site ) [ 15 ] . The tetrahedral Fe oxide is FeO4, octahedral Fe oxide consists of six O ions, which is FeO6, and the expression for rhombohedral bipyramidal Fe oxide is FeO5. A conventional M-type structural representation and the five Fe3+ sites are shown in Fig. 1.2 by Collomb et Al. [ 15 ] . Figure 1.2: The crystal construction study map of the hexangular M-type stage and the five Fe sites with their milieus are displayed. The 2b sites merely occur in the same bed with strontium ion. 12k site is the octahedral site of S and R blocks. There are two tetrahedral ( 4f1 ) sites and one octahedral ( 2a ) site in Centre of S block. The two octahedral ( 4f2 ) sites are found in the R block, adjacent to the strontium-containing bed. The M-type construction of strontium ferrite gives rise to its magnetic belongingss. Cation permutation to strontium ferrite may give opportunities whereby changing the construction and therefore act upon the magnetic belongingss.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19Strontium hexaferrite is a ferrimagnetic stuff. Since the free negatrons in SrFe12O19 are in close propinquity and remain aligned even the external magnetic field have been removed, it is able to retain a lasting magnetic field and is recognized as ferrimagnetic stuff. In 1950s Gorter predicted that the Fe ions at the rhombohedral bipyramidal ( 2b ) and octahedral ( 2a, 12k ) sites have their spin orientation antiparallel to that of the Fe ions at the 4f sites [ 2 ] . The antiparallel 4f1 and 4f2 and parallel 2a, 12k and 2b sublattices form the ferrimagnetic construction. The magnetic ordination corresponding to the magnetoplumbite construction of hexangular Sr ferrite is good illustrated in Fig. 1.3. In S block, the bulk I ±-sublattice consists of four octahedral ions and the minority I?-sublattice contains two tetrahedral ions whereas R block contributes three octahedral ions and one rhombohedral ion to the bulk sublattice and two octahedral ions to the minority sublattice. Figure 1.3: The conventional construction ( left ) of the SrFe12O19 with Gorter ‘s magnetic ordination ( in-between ) along the c-axis. The big unfastened circles are oxygen ions, the big broken circles are Sr ions ; little circles with a cross inside represent Fe ions at 12k, little circles incorporating a filled circle inside represent Fe ions at 4f2, little unfilled circles represent Fe ions at 4f1, filled little circles represent Fe ions at 2a and little circles with a unfilled circle inside represent Fe ions at 2b. The magnetic construction suggested by Gorter is shown on the right, where the pointers represent the way of spin polarisation. From Fig. 1.3, we can sum up the sites of Fe ( III ) ions matching to the spin way, as in Table 1.1. Site Coordination Occupancy Direction of spin polarisation 12k Octahedral 12 Up 2a Octahedral 2 Up 2b Trigonal Bypiramidal 2 Up 4f1 Tetrahedral 4 Down 4f2 Octahedral 4 Down Table 1.1: Fe ( III ) ion sites in M-type hexangular ferriteHysteresis LoopThe magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite can be examined through hysteresis cringles. Hysteresis cringle can be measured utilizing instruments such as Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ( VSM ) and SQUID Magnetometry Measurements. When a magnetic stuff is placed in a magnetic field, the flux denseness ( B ) would dawdle behind the magnetising force ( H ) that causes it, and this signifier hysteresis cringle. From a hysteresis cringle, we can place the magnetic belongingss of the stuff, they are saturation magnetisation, remanence or besides known as remnant magnetisation, and coercivity. A typical hysteresis cringle is good illustrated in Fig. 1.4. Figure 1.4: Typical hysteresis cringle ( B-H curve ) Initially, there is no applied magnetic field and it is known as unmagnetized province. After magnetic field is applied, it causes alignment. Until maximal magnetising force applied, maximal flux denseness achieved at the same clip and this phenomenon is known as impregnation magnetisation. At this point, the maximal figure of spin has mobilized. Saturation magnetisation is defined as the maximal possible magnetization of a stuff. It is besides a step of strongest magnetic field a magnet can bring forth. The unit of impregnation magnetisation is in amperes per metre. Strontium ferrite is holding high impregnation magnetisation at which it can hive away high sum of magnetising force. As the magnetizing force being easy removed, the alliance stays at the point where H = 0, this is known as remnant magnetisation. Remnant magnetisation is the magnetisation left in a lasting magnet after an external magnetic field is removed. When a magnet is â€Å" magnetic † , it has remanence. I t is normally measured in unit Tesla. Strong lasting magnet such as Sr ferrite has high leftover magnetisation which means the high sum of magnetic force remains in it even after the magnetizing force is removed. As signifier Fig. 1.4, negative magnetic field is applied to demagnetise the lasting magnet. When the flux denseness ( B ) = 0, there is no magnetising force remain in the magnet and the negative H needed to demagnetise the magnet is known as coercivity. Negative H is the magnetic field applied in opposite way. Coercivity is measured in unit amperes per metre. Due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetisation along the hexangular c-axis in the construction, SrFe12O19 has high coercivity. Anisotropy is directional or orientational effects in crystal construction of stuffs which can supply better magnetic public presentation along certain preferable axis. Therefore, we need to use high negative magnetising force to demagnetise Sr ferrite. Attempts have to be made to take down down the coercivity of Sr ferrite for use. Unit of measurements in Magnetism The units used in magnetic attraction can be divided chiefly into two classs, SI system and c.g.s system. The transition table shown in Table 1.2 is to clear up the magnetic attraction expression in both SI and c.g.s systems and the transition factors between them. Measure Symbol SI Unit SI Equation c.g.s Unit c.g.s Equation Conversion Factor Magnetic Initiation Bacillus tesla ( T ) B=A µo ( H+M ) gauss ( G ) B = H+4IˆM 1 T = 104A G Magnetic Field Strength Hydrogen ampere/meterA ( A/m ) H = NA-I/lcA ( lc – magneticA way, m ) oersted ( Oe ) H = 0.4IˆNA-I/lc ( lc – magneticA way, centimeter ) 1 A/m =A 4 IˆA-10-3A Oe Magnetic Flux I ¦ Wb ( Wb ) I ¦ = BA-Ac ( Ac – country, m2A ) Mx ( M ) I ¦ = BA-Ac ( Ac – country, cm2A ) 1 Wb = 108A M Magnetization Meter ampere/meter ( A/m ) M=m/V ( m- sum magnetic minute, A V- volume, m3A ) emu/cm3 M=m/V ( m- sum magnetic minute, A V- volume, cm3A ) 1 A/m = 10-3A electromagnetic unit / cm3 Magnetic Permeability of Vaccum A µo newton/ampere2 A µo= 4IˆA-10-7 1–4IˆA-10-7 Induction Liter H L=I?oI?N2Ac/lc ( Ac- country, M2, A lc – magnetic way, m ) H L=0.4IˆI?N2Ac/lcA-10-8 ( Ac-area, cm2, A lc – magnetic way, centimeter ) 1 Emf ( electromotive force ) Volt V V=-NA-dI ¦/dt V V=-10-8NA-dI ¦/dt 1 Note: In the above equations, I = current ( in As ) , N = bends Table 1.2: Magnetism expressions in SI and c.g.s systems and their transition factors for the magnetic units.1.4 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF SrFe12O19Harmonizing to the survey of G. B. Teh et.al [ 3 ] on Sr ferrite, Sr ferrite was found to exhibit photoluminescence behaviour. When a sample of Sr ferrite is excited at a certain wavelength, highest strength of photoluminescence emanation extremums was obtained. The ability of Sr ferrite to photoluminesce could be due to the O vacancies in their lattice construction. The O vacancies are assumed to do the atoms to exhibit photoluminescence behaviour by moving as traps for nomadic excitement. The O vacancies have effectual +2 charges, doing them powerful electron gaining control centres. Valence negatron would derive sufficient energy to leap from the valency set to the conductivity set and go forthing a spread known as hole during excitement. F-centers, which is the part where contain high sum of negatrons would organize when the aro used negatrons being trapped in O vacancies. These rich negatron centres would take to emanation of luminescence when the holes and negatrons recombine.1.5 SYNTHESIS ROUTE OF SrFe12O19The processing paths used for synthesis of Sr ferrite affect its belongingss much. Traditionally, this ferrite pulverization is synthesized by a assorted oxide ceramic method, which involves the solid-state reaction between SrCO3 and Fe2O3 at a high calcination temperature ( about 1300A °C ) . However, uncontrolled atom morphology, larger atom size and agglomerates would be the biggest disadvantages of this technique. Besides, taint would be introduced to the sample while subsequent milling of the calcined ferrite pulverization and this would impact the magnetic belongingss become less desirable. Therefore, the narrowed atom size distribution, refined atom size and minimum atom agglomeration has been the chief concern during the synthesis of Sr ferrite. In order to better the magnetic belongingss, legion nonconventional soft man-made paths have been carried out, including sol-gel synthesis [ 3 ] , hydrothermal reaction [ 6 ] , co-precipitation [ 7 ] , citric acid method [ 8 ] and microemulsion processing [ 10 ] . In this survey, the synthesis of Sr ferrite employed the sol-gel technique. It is a wet chemical path using ethylene ethanediol as gel precursor. Sol-gel technique is the technique of utilizing chemical substances which have high solubility in organic dissolvers to synthesise precursor compounds. The compounds are easy transformed into hydrated oxides on hydrolysis. The metal alkoxides formed can be removed easy utilizing hydrolysis and thermic intervention and therefore consequences in hydrous oxides which are extremely purify. Sol-gel method is used in this survey because of its many advantages. Sol-gel technique is able to bring forth homogenous nanosized crystallites. This method is tend to give molded stuffs straight from a solution without go throughing through the pulverization processing and the fact that the annealing temperature is really low compared with other conventional engineering. The crystalline size and belongingss of the ferrite produced are mostly affected by calcinations temperature [ 3 ] . Sol gel method has the advantage that the crystal growing of atoms is easier to command by changing the heat intervention [ 11 ] . It was reported that at 500EsC it produced merely maghemite, I?-Fe2O3. A assorted merchandise of magnetic I ±-Fe2O3 and M-type SrFe12O19 were obtained at 600EsC. As the calcination temperature addition to 800EsC and supra, there are merely M-type SrFe12O19 stage was observed. Sol-gel synthesis is able to bring forth high outputs of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. It is besides able to bring forth nanocrystallite of cation substituted SrFe12O19. Nanoparticle size of Sr ferrite is desirable and aimed to synthesise because nanoparticles tend to give better magnetic belongingss. Nanoparticles give few magnetic spheres, likely individual sphere. Single sphere tends to give higher magnetic initiation because there are no oppose magnetic sphere. Single sphere aligns in one way merely. These belongingss are ideal for the devising of lasting magnet.1.6 CATION SUBSTITUTION IN SrFe12O19In order to better the magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite, many surveies have been carried out. One of them is cation permutation in Sr ferrite. Rare Earth and other metal cations are used for permutation for Sr and Fe severally [ 5 ] . The brace doping of SrFe12O19 such as a La-Co brace to replace a Sr-Fe brace has been tested [ 14 ] . The doping, or known as cation permutation, is aim to better the magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite. Cation permutation consequences in structural al terations in Sr ferrite. As the physical belongingss of ferrite alteration, the magnetic belongingss would be affected due to the fact that magnetic belongingss are determined by the agreement of Fe ions in crystal construction. In this survey, Co-Ti brace will be doped to the Sr ferrite. Cobalt Ti permutation will bring forth a quaternate system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-AO where A represents the dopant cation.The Co Ti permutation gives rise to the new expression, SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where Ten is the figure of mole of cation substituted in.1.7 Commercial ApplicationsStrontium ferrite is widely used as lasting magnet because it has way of easy magnetisation and the hexangular c-axis which are perpendicular to the plane of the home base. The belongingss that are desirable in utilizing as lasting magnet include high impregnation magnetisation, high leftover magnetisation, high coercivity, high Curie temperature and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Besides, SrFe12O19 is besides normally used in high-density informations storage magnetic entering media. Nanoparticles of SrFe12O19 with individual sphere and low coercivity are important in used for magnetic recording media. M-type Sr ferrite nanoparticles have attracted much attending due to their good frequence characteristic, low noise, high end product, in peculiar, first-class high frequence characteristic and broad dynamic frequence scope [ 4 ] . There are two types of entering medium, viz. particulates and thin movies. Tape and floppy is categorized in particulate and difficult thrust is belongs to thin movie. Information is stored by magnetising stuff. The entering caput can use magnetic field ( H ) and align spheres to magnetise the medium. It can besides observe a alteration in the magnetisation of the medium. Magnetic entering media prefers high impregnation magnetisation ; do it to hive away as much information. High value of remnant magnetisation is required in enterin g media to do certain that all stuffs stored in the difficult disc still remained even the power supply ( applied magnetic field ) is switched away. Low coercivity is of import in magnetic recording media. When the positive magnetic field is applied, this charging manages the medium to hive away informations. On the other manus, negative magnetic field applied to recover back the information, this is called discharges. Therefore, less current is needed to recover the information in the low coercivity medium. As a consequence, less heat generated and this saves the electricity. In general, Sr ferrite has high value of uniaxial anisotropy field, high coercive force and high impregnation magnetisation. The high coercivity of Sr ferrite has to be lowered down and impregnation magnetisation has to be at the same time increased if it is to be utile for magnetic recording intents. It has been reported that the permutation of cations such as Co ( II ) for the ion Fe ( III ) in Sr ferrite has lowered the coercive force. Therefore, many surveies were carried out to accomplish better magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite for commercial applications.Chapter 2: EXPERIMENTALSample PreparationSynthesis of M-type SrFe12O19 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Sample CharacterizationMagnetic Susceptibility Balance MK12.1 Sample Preparation2.1.1 Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19The sol-gel technique was used to synthesise M-type SrFe12O19 whereby the ethene ethanediol acts as gel precursor. The starting stuffs, Sr nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O were used due to their high solubility in ethylene ethanediol. Calculation below was made to find the weight of stuffs needed to be used. Relative Molecular Mass of stuffs: Strontium nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O = 404 g/mol ( Note: All replies have to be converted into 3 important figures. ) No. of mol of 1 g Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = Mass of Sr ( NO3 ) 2 RMM of Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = 1g 211.63g/mol = 4.7252Ãâ€"10-3 mol Strontium: Fe = 1: 12 No. of mol of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O needed = 4.7252Ãâ€"10-3 mol x 12 = 5.6702Ãâ€"10-2 mol Mass of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O needed = No. of mol of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O needed ten RMM of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O = 5.6702Ãâ€"10-2 mol x 404g/mol = 22.9 g From the computation, 1g of Sr nitrate and 22.9g of Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates were needed in the synthesis and were weighted. Strontium nitrate would supply 1 mol of Sr ions and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates would supply 12 mol of Fe ions in the synthesis of Sr ferrite, which matched the molecular expression of SrFe12O19. The Sr nitrate and Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates were readily dissolved in ethene ethanediol with little heat applied due to their high solubility in it. The mixture was heated somewhat and stirred with a magnetic saloon until the mixture was to the full dissolved. The attendant solution is in crystalline ruddy colour. The magnetic stirring saloon was removed. The mixture was heated to 100A °C and it would easy transform into a gel signifier. The gel was dried with uninterrupted heating at 100A °C for 3 hours. The dried gel was so transferred to a crucible to take hints of organic precursor. A mixture of metal oxides in spread nanoclusters signifier was obtained. The dried gel was so annealed in a furnace at 800A °C for 3 yearss with extended land with a stamp in a howitzer after annealed at interval of each twenty-four hours.2.1.2 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Cation substituted strontium ferrite was synthesized by utilizing Co ( II ) ions and Ti ( IV ) ions to replace the Fe ions in M-type hexangular Sr ferrite. The permutation of Co ( II ) and Ti ( IV ) gives the compound a new molecular expression, which is SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where the x denoted different ratios. In the synthesis of cation substituted SrFe12O19, the ratios of cations used, x, is in between 0.2 to 6.0 ( 0.2 a†°Ã‚ ¤ x a†°Ã‚ ¤ 6.0 ) , where ten = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. The same method described in subdivision 2.1.1 was used for the synthesis, by merely adding two new get downing stuffs, which are the Co ( II ) nitrate and Ti ( IV ) ethoxide to give the Co2+ and Ti4+ cations. Calculation as described below was made to cipher the weight of stuffs needed severally. Relative Molecular Mass of stuffs: Strontium nitrate, Sr ( NO3 ) 2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O = 404 g/mol Cobalt ( II ) nitrate, Co ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O = 291.04 g/mol Titanium ( IV ) ethoxide, Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 = 228.11 g/mol ( Note: All replies have to be converted into 3 important figures. ) Examples used for the computation: SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19, x= 0.2 No. of mol of 1 g Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 = Mass of Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 RMM of Ti ( CC2H5 ) 4 = 1g 228.11g/mol = 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol 0.2 mol of Ti needed 1 mol of Sr. 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol of Ti needed ( 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol x 1 ) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.021919 mol of Sr is needed. Mass of Sr ( NO3 ) 2 needed = 0.021919mol ten 211.63 g/mol = 4.64 g 0.2 mol of Ti needed 11.6 mol of Fe. 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol of Ti needed ( 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol x 11.6 ) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.25426 mol of Fe is needed. Mass of Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O needed = 0.25426mol ten 404g/mol = 103 g Mass of Co ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O needed = 4.3838Ãâ€"10-3 mol x 291.04g/mol = 1.28 g The computation above were used to cipher the weight of get downing stuffs needed for other cation ratios, ten for 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 severally every bit good. The weight needed for each stuff was tabulated in Table 2.1. ten Weight of stuffs needed ( g ) Sr ( NO3 ) 2 Fe ( NO3 ) 3A ·9H2O Co ( NO3 ) 2.6H2O 0.2 4.64 103 1.28 0.4 2.32 51.4 1.28 0.6 1.55 31.9 1.28 0.8 1.11 23.0 1.28 1.0 0.93 17.7 1.28 2.0 0.46 7.08 1.28 3.0 0.31 3.54 1.28 4.0 0.23 1.77 1.28 5.0 0.19 0.71 1.28 6.0 0.15 0.00 1.28 Table 2.1: Weight of stuffs needed for synthesis of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted Sr ferrite For the series of different permutation ratios ( ten ) , the corresponding Sr nitrate, Fe ( III ) nitrate-9-hydrates, Co ( II ) nitrate and Ti ( IV ) ethoxide were weighed and dissolved in 100ml ethene ethanediol. The oxides obtained after ignition were so annealed in a furnace at 800A °C for 3 yearss with extended land with a stamp in a howitzer after annealed at interval of each twenty-four hours. The readying for Sr ferrite and cation substituted strontium ferrite is shown in Fig. 2.1 in flow chart array. Figure 2.1: Conventional diagram of the process for synthesis of Sr ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted SrFe12O19.Sample CharacterizationMagnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1The magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted Sr ferrite produced by the method described above were examined utilizing the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MARK 1 ( MK1 ) by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The magnetic susceptibleness balance setup was shown in Fig. 2.2. Figure 2.2: Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The basic design rule of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was shown in Figure 2.3. Magnetic Susceptibility Balance determines the magnetic belongingss by puting two twosome of traveling magnets with the beam in between where the stationary sample is ready to be measured. Basically, the possible warp in the beam and the motion being made of a peculiar sample either solid or liquid could be observed in a balanced system which possesses a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the spiral within the instrument is conducted with current required in order to do compensation of the magnetic force produced by the sample. Either paramagnetic or diamagnetic could be resolved in a asset or minus comparatively on show with the assistance of the way that the beam Swift. Figure 2.3: Basic design rule of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. Magnetic susceptibleness is defined as when the magnetising field is applied to the sample, how much is the ratio of the strength of magnetic attraction induced by the sample in response to the magnetising field which it is capable. In this experiment, mass susceptibleness was the chief concern. Mass susceptibleness, xg, is defines by the mathematical expression below: ?‘?g= ‘?v/d Where vitamin D = denseness of substance ?‘?v is the volume susceptibleness, calculated by utilizing the expression: ?‘?v = I/H Where I = strength of magnetic attraction produced in a substance H = strength of applied magnetic field Based on the magnetic belongingss of magnetic substances, they can be classified into one of the three groups. Among them, there is paramagnetic stuff which would pull by a strong magnetic field, diamagnetic which repelled by magnetic field and ferromagnetic which is alone to retain their ain magnetic field. After the external magnetic field is removed, ferromagnetic stuffs are still able to retain a lasting magnetic field. This is happened due to their free negatrons are in close propinquity and remain aligned without the magnetic field. Strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted Sr ferrite were found to be ferromagnetic due to the overshooting value observed on the show when the samples were introduced. To get the better of this job, a non-magnetic stuff Na chloride, was used to ‘dilute ‘ the big magnetic attraction induced by the samples. Procedure was carried out. First, the scope boss of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was turned to the x1 graduated table and was allowed to warm up for 10 proceedingss before usage. The nothing boss is adjusted until the show reads 000. An empty sample tubing of known weight was placed into the tubing usher and the reading, Ro was taken. 0.0005g sample + 0.2820g NaCl ( sample length, fifty =3cm ) was packed into the sample column. The weight of samples and Na chloride were fixed for all measurings made. The jammed sample tubing was placed into tubing usher and the reading, R was taken. The stairss were repeated for all the 11 samples. The mass susceptibleness, ‘?g is calculated utilizing the expression: ?‘?g= CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m Where: cubic decimeter = length of sample ( centimeter ) m = mass of sample ( gm ) R = balance reading for sample + tubing Ro = balance reading for empty tubing CBal = the balance standardization changeless ( =1 )Chapter 3: Consequence AND DISCUSSION3.1 Consequences of Mass Susceptibility3.1.1 Mass susceptibleness of M-type SrFe12O19 3.1.2 Mass susceptibleness of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19 3.1.3 Table of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O19 3.1.4 Graph of mass susceptibleness, ‘?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio3.2 Findingss and Discussion3.1 RESULTS OF MASS SUSCEPTIBILITYMass susceptiblenesss of the samples were calculated utilizing the expression: ?‘?g= CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m Where: cubic decimeter = sample length ( centimeter ) m = sample mass ( gm ) R = balance reading for sample in tubing Ro = balance reading for empty tubing CBal = the balance standardization changeless ( =1 ) * All the replies are adjusted to 4 important figures.3.1.1 Mass Susceptibility of M-type SrFe12O19?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 936- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 1.944Ãâ€"10-43.1.2 Mass Susceptibility of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 798- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 1.668Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.4Ti0.4Fe11.2O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 671- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 1.414Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.6Ti0.6Fe10.8O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 654- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 1.380Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.8Ti0.8Fe10.4O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 542- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 1.156Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo1.0Ti1.0Fe10O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 441- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 0.954Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo2.0Ti2.0Fe8O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 236- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 0.544Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo3.0Ti3.0Fe6O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 162- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 0.396Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo4.0Ti4.0Fe4O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ 145- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 0.362Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo5.0Ti5.0Fe2O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ -006- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = 0.060Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo6.0Ti6.0O19 ?‘?g = CBal* cubic decimeter * ( R-Ro ) 109 * m = 1 ten 3cm ten [ -066- ( -036 ) ] 109 x 0.0005 = -0.060Ãâ€"10-43.1.3 Table of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O19The mass susceptiblenesss of the samples calculated were summarized in Table 1. Samples Sample length, cubic decimeter ( centimeter ) Sample mass, m ( gm ) Empty tubing reading, R0 Reading for tubing + sample, R Mass susceptibleness, xg SrFe12O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 936 1.944Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 798 1.668Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.4Ti0.4Fe11.2O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 671 1.414Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.6Ti0.6Fe10.8O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 654 1.380Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo0.8Ti0.8Fe10.4O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 542 1.156Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo1.0Ti1.0Fe10O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 441 0.954Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo2.0Ti2.0Fe8O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 236 0.544Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo3.0Ti3.0Fe6O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 162 0.396Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo4.0Ti4.0Fe4O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 145 0.362Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo5.0Ti5.0Fe2O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 -006 0.060Ãâ€"10-4 SrCo6.0Ti6.0O19 0.1 0.0005 -036 -066 -0.060Ãâ€"10-4 Table 3.1: Mass susceptibleness, xg of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O193.1.4 Graph of mass susceptibleness, ‘?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratioA graph of mass susceptibleness of SrFe12O19 and Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) substituted SrFe12O19 against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio was plotted and shown in Graph 3.1. Figure 3.1: Graph of mass susceptibleness, ‘?g ( cgs ) against Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) ratio3.2 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONMagnetic susceptibleness is a step of response of negatrons in sample to an applied magnetic field. Electrons produce magnetic minutes at where the negatrons spin circularly around the karyon following right-thumb regulation. The net magmetic minute is the amount of minutes from all negatrons. There are three types of magnetic attraction ; they are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic. Strontium ferrite is a ferrimagnetic compound due to its high magnetic initiation, B when magnetic field, H is applied. The magnetic minutes of ferrimagnetic Sr ferrite is aligned parallel with applied magnetic field. It is a of course magnet because the magnetic minutes are point at one way even there is no magnetic field is applied. The magnetic minute of M-type hexangular ferrites strongly prefer the hexangular axis way, which is the c-axis. Within the grain boundaries of ferrimagnetic atoms, the spheres are aligned in two waies opposing when there is no magnetic field applied. As the magnetic field is applied and strength of applied field ( H ) increases, the magnetic minute of ferrimagnetic stuff become aligns with H. The magnetic spheres with aligned magnetic minute grow at disbursal of ill aligned 1s. In the terminal, the magnetic spheres become individual sphere when the applied magnetic field additions until a point. Single magnetic sphere is desirable as it is easy to revolve the atoms for use. Single sphere besides gives higher magnetic initiation because there are no oppose magnetic sphere, the individual sphere align in one way merely. These belongingss are ideal for doing of lasting magnet. To a higher opportunity of obtaining individual sphere in atoms of a compound, the compound frequently produced in nanoparticles. Nanoparticles tend to give few magnetic spheres, likely individual sphere. This is due to the really little size of atoms tend to give the smallest sum of grain boundary, hence the opportunity of acquiring magnetic spheres in opposite way is little comparison to the big size atoms which have more grain boundaries. Therefore in this survey, sol-gel technique which is able to bring forth nano-sized atoms was employed. The magnetic belongingss of the hexangular Sr ferrites are strongly dependent upon the synthesis conditions and the site penchant of the substituted cations among the five different Fe3+ sublattices viz. , tetrahedral ( 4f1 ) , rhombohedral bipyramidal ( 2b ) and octahedral ( 12k, 2a and 4f2 ) of hexangular construction [ 13 ] . Mass susceptibleness is the ratio of the strength of magnetic attraction induced in the sample to the magnetizing field applied in response to the denseness of the substance. In commercial application, the mass susceptibleness is desirable as holding high value, for the use of strong lasting magnet and entering media. For the composing where x = 0.2, the substituted Sr ferrite recorded lessening in mass susceptibleness. The magnetic belongingss were non every bit desirable as the value of susceptibleness demands to be comparatively high. In the specimen with x = 0.4, a dramatically addition in mass susceptibleness was measured. The addition in susceptibleness indicated that the permutation of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) had filled up the minor I?-sublattice ( spin-down ) of the magnetoplumbite construction and therefore enhanced the measured magnetization along the I ±-sublattice ( spin-up ) axis. In the specimen with x = 0.6, the mass susceptibleness decreased. The big lessening of susceptibleness indicated that at this ratio, the Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) cations may good hold occupied the cation sites which were in the I ±-sublattice ( spin-up ) . For x = 0.8 to 5.0, it was found that both specimens recorded similar values of susceptibleness. As the permutation of Co ( II ) -Ti ( IV ) increased, the susceptibleness showed a rapid lessening. It might hence be expected that farther permutation will later bring forth a superparamagnetic-like Sr ferrite. Superparamagnetism is a phenomenon by which magnetic stuffs may exhibit a behaviour similar to paramagnetism at temperatures below the Curie temperature. For x = 6.0 shows negative value of mass susceptibleness, indicates the formation of Co oxide and Ti dioxide which are diamagnetic. There are no Fe oxides which gives ferromagnetic belongingss. From the old published survey, the partial permutation of Fe3+ ions with a Co2+ + Ti4+ brace was attempted [ 4 ] . However, the coercive force reduces and at the same time impregnation magnetisation besides reduces. Therefore, the ratio of substituted cations is really of import in modifying the magnetic belongingss of ferrite. Single sphere atoms of Ti-Co substituted M-type hexaferrite posses attractive belongingss for the recording media applications [ 13 ] . Such permutations at Fe site are effectual in cut downing the coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy but require higher annealing temperature for the individual stage formation. It has besides been reported that when synthesising Ti-Co substituted hexaferrites, it is hard to avoid the formation of Co ferrite. Although the coercivity lessening by the permutation of Co-Ni but at the same clip the impregnation magnetisation of the stuffs lessening which limit their applications in the high denseness entering media.Chapter 4: Decisions4.1 Decisions4.2 Future Work4.1 DecisionThe consequence of cation permutation on magnetic belongingss of Sr ferrite is discussed in the old chapter. The magnetic belongingss are differing matching to the different cation permutation ratios. There existed important tendency which corresponded to the alterations in perm utation ratio in Sr ferrite. The mass susceptibleness is the highest at x = 0.4 in SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19. This indicates that this cation permutation ratio gives best magnetic behavior where the magnetisation is the highest. This phenomenon is favorable for commercial application such as doing of lasting magnet and magnetic recording media.4.2 FUTURE WORKIn this survey, the magnetic belongingss of M-type hexangular SrFe12O19 and cation substituted SrFe12O19 was studied. One of the magnetic belongingss, mass susceptibleness of the ferrites was determined in this survey, by utilizing magnetic susceptibleness balance. Besides magnetic susceptibleness balance, the survey on magnetic belongingss can be improved by utilizing SQUID gaussmeter or vibrating sample gaussmeter ( VSM ) [ 12 ] to look into the impregnation magnetization, remnant magnetization and coercivity. These three magnetic belongingss are the indispensable one to find their magnetic behavior for assorted applications. However , these two instruments are non available in our research lab. The cobalt-titanium permutation is replacing the Fe sites alternatively of Sr sites. The Sr site could be substituted with other passage elements or rare earth elements with the similar atomic radii, illustration for Bi and rare earth. In future, farther survey could be carried out by substituted rare earth wholly to replace strontium ferrite to look into whether the M-type hexangular construction remains. One of the ways to heighten magnetic belongingss is to bring forth individual sphere atoms by partner offing the divalent-tetravalent permutation in Sr ferrite with appropriate man-made methods. Besides cation permutation by Co2+-Ti4+ brace, sol gel derived strontium ferrite with Fe substituted by Zn2+ , Ti4+ and Ir4+ have been carried out [ 9 ] . They are Zn2+-Ti4+ brace and Zn2+-Ir4+ brace. If this is true, it will hold a great impact on the engineering of tomorrow.

The female characters in Great Expectations have the greatest influence on Pip’s development

While it may be true to argue that the female characters of Great Expectations have the most detrimental effect on Pip, it would certainly not be accurate to portray them as having had the greatest influence on his development. Although, the tyrannical Mrs Joe, the embittered Miss Havisham and Pip's ‘beloved' Estella have a large hand in shaping Pip's moral decline, it is without doubt Magwitch and of course, the moral cornerstone of the book, Joe who have the most profound effect on him. As well as this there are the minor male characters of the book such as Wemmick (in his Walworth capacity) and to a lesser extent Jaggers, and their part in restoring Pip to decency. Having said this, it must be acknowledged that in his childhood years it is in fact Mrs Joe who has the most immense influence on Pip's development. Her highly unfavourable â€Å"bring him up by hand,† regime destroys his self-worth, forcing him to develop a real sense of self-resentment. Hear that, be grateful to those who brought you up by hand,† is a deeply ironic statement, for it is Mrs Joe he owes least gratitude to, considering the negative impact she has on Pip's young life. The physical and verbal abuse she expels on him leads to a lack of adequate love and affirmation. â€Å"I'm a common labouring boy, my hands are coarse and my boots are thick†¦ generally I'm in a low lived bad way,† is a bleak outlook that comes from a young boy who has had his self-worth quashed unde r his sister's tyranny. It is of course this lack of self-esteem which is most harmful to Pip's development, forcing him to create the fantasy of reinvention that ultimately leads to his moral decline. However, we cannot forget that regardless of Mrs Joe's predominant influence, Joe, Pip's friend and father figure, is, to an extent, able to have a positive impact on Pip. Primarily, he is able to provide him with what little affirmation possible in such a cold household, establishing a solid friendship with his fellow sufferer, â€Å"We are ever the best of friends ain't us Pip? Furthermore, in terms of moral development, this â€Å"gentle Christian man† is able to instate in Pip the foundations of the values which he must ultimately return to in the peak of his moral decline. Joe the moral mentor, encourages Pip to develop the same goodness he himself possess, by teaching him number of vital lessons such as compassion through the quote â€Å"We don't know what it is you have done, but we wouldn't have you starve to death for it, poor fellow miserable creatur, – would us. ‘ and the importance of honesty through â€Å"(telling lies) ain't the way to get out of being common. Hence Joe is able to have some effect on Pip in his childhood years. Once exposed to the world of Satis house it is the influence of Miss Havisham and Estella that largely occupies his life during the ‘expectation' years. We see the manner in which Miss Havisham plays further on his lack of self-worth, using Estella to belittle him and â€Å"break his heart†; â€Å"He's a coarse and common labouring boy. † This lack of self-worth combines with the glamour of their lifestyle which mesmerizes Pip and leads him to create the fantasy of reinvention. It is the initial meeting at Satis house, therefore, that consequently sees Pip commence his deluded journey in the pursuit of false ideals. Estella also becomes a major contributor to this fantasy, as Pip is naively led on by her and is blinded by her beauty, failing to realize what truly lies beneath. Thus it could be said that Miss Havisham and Estella have a large part in negatively influencing Pip and fuelling his desire to become a ‘gentleman'. In contrast, we see that it is the male character Magwitch who initiates the moral redemption in Pip. Although initially Pip holds him with abhorrent disgust, as time moves on he is forced to under go a major reality check in assessing his idle and wasteful lifestyle. Magwitch is able to extract from Pip the core values he exhibited in his childhood years, in particular the quality of compassion. Towards the end of their relationship we have the declaration from Pip â€Å"May I be as true to you as you have been to me. † indicating the profound effect this common convict has had in returning Pip from the pretentious prig to the morally decent character we are able to respect. Wemmick and to a much lesser extent Jaggers are also able to provide examples of this compassion which help Pip towards his return to decency. During his reality check Pip is also provided with the unselfishness of Wemmick in his Walworth capacity. His caring of the age and the simple idealistic life he leads Pip to open his eyes to true gentility. In a much more ambiguous way we have Jaggers. The revelation of his secretive rescue of Estella from the criminal milieu provides Pip with a compassionate side of Jaggers not revealed before. These examples dramatically influence his development, encouraging his shift back to integrity. However, it is once more Joe who is able to most profoundly influence Pip, completing his moral redemption and providing him with the model of selflessness and compassion. Pip suffers from a mystery illness which is highly symbolic of a phase of personal disassembly, in which he questions himself and rebuilds his character. It is Joe who appears as the saviour, nursing him back to health and in the process teaching Pip that true gentility comes only with qualities such as humility, honesty and most importantly the ability to love and be loved. God bless this gentle Christian man,† is a defining moment in Pip's development as he is finally able to recognise Joe's nobility. Thus without doubt we are left to see that it is the male character Joe who has the most intense influence on Pip's character. It is clear to see therefore that it is instead although the female characters do have quite a detrimental effect on Pip's development, it is instead the male characters and lead by Joe who have the greatest influence. In particular these male characters have quite a substantial hand in helping Pip re-establish his moral decency and hence redeem himself in the eyes of the reader.

One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

One Hundred Years of Solitude - Essay Example These occurrences befall all the Buendia family generations, who are unwilling, sometimes unable, to run from these misfortunes that are often self-inflicted. Eventually, the town of Macondo is destroyed by a hurricane, a further highlight on the inherently cyclical turmoil that characterizes Macondo. As the story ends, a descendant of Buendia is able to decipher a cipher that many of Buendia’s descendants had found unable to, foiled by its encryption. The message contained in the cipher reveals all misfortunes, and fortunes, that the Buendia family had lived through over the generations. This paper aims to discuss the various varieties of love, a recurring theme in the novel, with particular emphasis on Amaranta and Jose Arcadia (ІІІ). Love exists in a variety of forms in the novel. However, because this love is born in a society afflicted with solitude, it is rarely happy. Doomed love permeates the novel as seen in the curious and tragic saga of the beautiful Remedies (Fox 49). Any man who strives to pursue her ends up dead. Another form of love is one that breeds animosity and jealousy, especially among siblings. An example of this is the rivalry that exists between Amaranta and Rebecca as they both fall in love with Pietro Crespi, who eventually decides to marry Rebecca leaving Amaranta with a feeling of animosity towards Rebecca. There also exists genuine love in the novel (Fox 50). The two most obvious examples are the love between Meme and Mauricio Babilonia, and Aureliano and Amaranta Ursula. Their love, however, does not end well, with intervention that is unexpected, horrific, and even gratuitous. Simple passion also exists between Aureliano Segundo and his mistress, Petra Cotes. This passion is productiv e as it brings wealth and fertility to the Buendia family (Bloom 99). Love triangles in the novel also exist. Colonel Aureliano and Jose Arcadio (ІІ) are involved in an affair with Pilar Tenera, whose result is two sons by each

Inflation trends QATAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inflation trends QATAR - Essay Example Qatar is the world’s top liquefied natural gas exporter (Reuters, 2011). The economy of Qatar has a policy of maintaining prices and currency stability. Since the early eighties, â€Å"by stimulating economic policies the monetary policy of Qatar was directed†In specific, the average inflation rate of this period was relatively low. For the period of 90s, the rate was at 2.25% that was due the defensive actions of the central bank. However, the Qatar economy is somewhat pegged, because it maintains its currency at a fixed rate. The major objective of the central bank was to maintain the rate as (Q.R 3.64= $1) (Abdulrazaq, Shotar, & Al-Quran, pp. 118-126, 2003). However, the trends show that inflation in Qatar was falling in the eighties. The reason behind this was that there has always been government intervention due to which it was controlling the inflation prices by having an influence on the money supply. Qatar was experiencing a downtrend in inflation until 2004 wh en the long termed deflationary trend ended (Inflation Data, 2010). (Trading Economics, 2010) Inflation in the Gulf Cooperation Council continued to rise with each of the members experiencing a double-digit rise in prices. However, Qatar is one of the countries that have been under most impact due to the increase. The led the government to enact unprecedented protectionist policies (Hassan & Nakibullah, pp. 1-5, 2008). Qatar experienced 15% inflation in 2008. It is an assumption to have the fastest growing economy in the Gulf Cooperation Council and is an assumption to experience the least changes in inflation this year as well as the next. In December 2010, â€Å"Qatar returned to inflation due to which the costs of living rose to 0.4 percent† (Merzaban, 2008). This was so because there was a rise in the prices of clothes, transport, and entertainment. Similarly, on the other hand, rental and energy costs fell. However, deflation is easing in Qatar in recent years because â €Å"the OPEC member’s economy recovered from a slowdown in 2009 when prices fell from 4.9%† (Merzaban, 2008). However, prices in November remained flat. The three major factors, which contribute in the soaring of the inflation rates in Qatar specifically, are the high levels of government spending, growing demands of housing, because of which the prices of the houses and rents are pushed up, and the pegging of riyals with dollars, due to which the interest rates are falling (Whiteman, 2008). If practically take each factor into account, we come to a conclusion which says, that when there is a general rise in government spending, so this pushes up the aggregate demand, which is one of the causes of inflation taking place. Taking the other factor into account- there is an increase in the demand for housing means that more people are there, which means that increased population, which again increases the aggregate demand, hence pushing the inflationary prices. Furthermore , when one converse about the riyals being pegged against the dollars, this means that the government is holding back its reserves in order to control the prices, which eventually extinguishes and hence this leads to a boost in prices causing inflation in the economy (Whiteman, 2008). Another reason for growing rates of inflation in Qatar is that Qatar is the world’s largest exporter and trans-shipper of Liquefied Natural Gas. In addition, it will remain the fastest growing economy despite the lower oil prices. Due to being the largest exporter of Liquefied Natural Gas, the economy can experience increased rates of currency, which will lead a general increase in prices and hence inflation (Reuters, 2011). The increased rates of inflation that have taken place are mostly due to the higher global food prices. Food is a necessity and due to the increased populat

The impact of the internet an markting development a case study of Dissertation

The impact of the internet an markting development a case study of apple Inc. computers - Dissertation Example high end electronic gadgets like mobile phones with innumerable features, computers, laptops, tabs and many more items have drastically changed every aspect of human life (Hou & Rego, 2002, p. 1). Everywhere technology has taken a leap. From irrigation to the agricultural revolution, from scientific upheaval to the invention of nuclear power, technology has made its presence felt. The list is endless. In this era of globalization with the effect of technology, marketing has also evolved thoroughly in every sector. Earlier marketing used to be a part of business strategy where the main intention was â€Å"telling and selling† the product by force or by will through different mediums like advertisement, push selling, door to door selling etc. to achieve business target first and then to meet the customers’ need (Kotler, 2008). In short it would be defined as â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. (Kotlar 2007). But with time the strategy of marketing has changed and has taken a different form altogether. Nowadays the foremost aim of marketing is to satisfy customers’ needs by providing them with better services without comprising on the benefits of the company. Most of the companies with the help of technology and information started using marketing as an effective tool to build and maintain customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return (Kotler, 2008). In topical time, technology is a vital influence and underlines the choice of implementation strategies of international marketing mix and furthermore â€Å"enables the more effective control of a firm’s diverse international activities.† (Bach, 2007, p. 3). From the above mentioned quotation it is understood that marketing has taken a new dimension with the emergence of the Internet. In this age of Information Technology (IT) most of the companies are exploring their business to another level by diversifying their resources and expanding their busines s on the global platform. With the help of the Internet, companies are utilizing this opportunity to go to every extent to increase their sales, promote their products and services. In simple words it can be explained that Internet marketing helps to market the business online. The increase in the number of online businessmen over a period of time made Internet marketing even more popular and important these days. With the emergence of the Internet, the traditional marketing idea has changed. The broad networking model helped to change the organizational function related to the marketing campaign, altering products or change in the service based on feedback from the customer, shareholders and others related to the companies. Today E-commerce has become important for every company starting from small ventures to MNCs, public or private sectors and common public in general, even to those who are not accessible to the Internet also by effective word of mouth or other medium like radio television etc (Costa, 2001; Keinan, 2000). The online medium provides a faster rate of innovation than the conventional channel (Lee, 2001, p. 12). Thus today's Internet marketing has transformed to a higher level with a lightning speed with respect to website design and usability advances, e-commerce facility, optimization of search engines, pay per click marketing strategy, web analytics initiative via social media, from the booking of bus-train-flight ticket to search for a holiday destination, from online education to online

Asian Americans V.S. African Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asian Americans V.S. African Americans - Essay Example With time, these conflicts have intensified as their number keeps on increasing. Economic strength has also greatly enhanced intensity of conflict between these two groups. The battle over who is superior to the other economically seems to intensify as each group try to take control over the other (Andersen, et al 239). Limited economic resources are not enough to cater for everyone thus creating division between those who have and those who do not have. To weaken each other economically, these groups destroy properties that belong to the other group like it was witnessed in 1992 during the ‘Black – Asian’ conflict. In addition, many Asians have made money, by venturing into businesses in the areas occupied by the Africans. Because of anti-black racism that discriminates Africans in America, such as getting loan to start business, many Africans are unable to venture into business. Due to this fact, Africans feel that the Asians are siphoning money from them. Media is another cause, which has been fueling racial conflict between Asians and Africans. Africans are depicted in media as arrogant, gangsters, lazy and poor. On the other hand, Asians are depicted as hardworking, eager to please and opportunistic. Such notions portrayed by media every now and then fuel the rivalry between these two groups (Chang 4). Cultural practices and customs is another root cause of conflict between Asians and Africans in America. Each group has its diverse culture, which it follows and respect. Fear of their culture being dominated or absorbed completely makes the two groups to distance from each other (Takaki 7). A conflict arises as each group try to maintain the benefits of their culture and disrespect cultural practices of the other group. The difference in skin color between Asians and Africans is another cause of conflict between them. Asians compares themselves to white

Community Members Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Members - Assignment Example Department of Health and Human Services (2012) indicates that â€Å"Philadelphia residents have higher rates of high blood pressure, diabetes, uninsurance, obesity, and tobacco use in comparison to the Southeastern Pennsylvania region as a whole.† Interestingly, most of these problems that are faced by the people within the population are caused by environmental factors including population emanating from the poor use of vacant lands (Bushman, 2007). As far as health indicators are concerned, the leading health indicator in greatest need of application within the population would be said to be obesity among young men and women in Philadelphia as the city is fast becoming known as "Fattest American City" by Mens Fitness Magazine (2005). A corresponding health promotion initiative to address the issue would thus be one that centers on the eating habit of residents as majority of these residents are known to be involved in poor eating habits that put their health at risk (Calfee and Scheraga, 2012). Bushman, B.J. (2007). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: Validity of proposed explanations. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism: Volume 13. Alcohol and violence (pp. 227-243). New York, NY: Plenum Press. Calfee, J., & Scheraga, C. (2012). The influence of advertising on alcohol consumption: A literature review and an econometric analysis of four European nations. International Journal of Advertising, 13,

Why Media Ownership and Diversity Matters Essay

Why Media Ownership and Diversity Matters - Essay Example Why Media Ownership and Diversity Matters? By writing this letter, it is my firm belief that you will take a leading role in advocating for issues pertaining media ownership and diversity. From the onset, it is vital to highlight that various legislations and court rulings have rolled  the gains made in the ownership of media in the country with the issue of ownership concentrated on certain key elements while women and the minorities face challenges in media ownership. Simultaneously, it is evident that employment of women and the minority in the media industry experiences little progress despite the country’s efforts in engaging the minorities and women in various fields due to affirmative action. Undeniably, there is a persistent lack of women and minority representation in the management of media houses and broadcast companies, which consequently narrows the economic and professional opportunities in one of the most influential industries in the country. The issue does not only occur in management. However, watch ing prime time news in the media depicts minorities in a bad light. For example, the scenes that the media subjects their viewers to involve Latinos invading the borders of this nation while the black community in America is painted as criminals with handcuffs on them following incidents of crime and consequent arrest by law enforcement agencies. Indeed, this depiction of minorities paints a gloomy picture on the country’s media. On the other hand, women also face widespread underrepresentation on prime time news. In line with this, a study held by 4th Estate during the 2012 presidential poll in America observed that there were seven times as many quotes from men than from women in the country’s main TV news programs newspapers. To make matters worse, the country’s media focused more on men than on women even in instances whereby the news focused on issues related to women. Consequently, this is an indication that there is the presence of widespread exclusion of women and minorities in the country’s media, which leads to the stories of these vital groups remaining largely untold. Research studies indicate of the effectiveness of news coverage in impacting on public opinions based on various approaches such as agenda-setting and framing (Avery and Peffley 134). In line with this, setting an agenda determines the issues that media and broadcasting houses discuss in order to influence public opinion. On the other hand, framing involves the communication of content by a media or broadcasting house to the public. Consequently, it is essential to point out that the framing of the content and agenda-setting influences the way that the public in the country will perceive issues that are political, social, and economical in nature. Based on this, it is evident that the failure to involve the minorities and women in management and employment in media has failed to ensure the presence of an agenda that sets to debate issues that affect them an d how to solve these issues. For this reason, the country continues to debate on minority issues that are not conclusive since the people responsible for setting the agenda for discussion are not fully involved by the media. On the other hand, their involvement in setting the agenda might not be effective since their issues will not be solved effectively based on the evidence that

The Law of Search and Seizure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Law of Search and Seizure - Essay Example Considering the fact that there was enough information about the criminal as well as the crime he was about to and had committed there was enough probable cause to stop his vehicle. The responsibility of the police is to ensure the safety of the public and the aforementioned action was t aken so as to make sure that the safety of the public was not ignored (Soglin, Price and Romano, 2007). The description that had been provided about the criminal as well as the appearance of his car was found to be exact and he also carried out certain actions that are done so by people who are guilty of crime. The exchange of bags, the way he deals with the other person, his attempts to get rid of the surveillance etc were all somehow directing the police towards believing the fact that he was the real criminal. The officers have the freedom to detain public if they are considered as having the propensity of being a criminal. They do not violate any law what so ever by merely approaching individuals in public and that too because they have reasons to consider them a criminal. Even when officers have no foundation for deducing a scrupulous personage, they have been given the authority to as questions, as well as for credentials, and appeal to assent to investigate their person or property. Also, it is to be taken into consideration that the police have the liberty to carry out a warrant less search of any part of a means of transportation as long as they have plausible cause to suppose that the object they are trying to find is present in the car. And, "this includes compartments and containers within the vehicle, including the trunk and glove compartment. If a search and seizure without warrant are made upon probable cause, the search and seizure are valid. When officers have probable cause to believe that an automobile contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment does not require them to obtain a warrant prior to searching the car for and seizing the contraband" (Fleck, 1999). Detaining is allowed even if the person is not under arrest on the basis that there is enough proof of him being stopped and searched. They can also be asked to step out of the car because of the fact that the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America allows them to. Hence the governmental authorities have the power to stop general public (only if they have reasons to believe them as criminals) and to ask them to step out for questioning. If there is no reason to believe or perceive him or her as a criminal, then the person has the power to walk away from the detention or to even not answer the questions posed by the police at him (Supreme Court Upholds Right of Passengers, 2007). The question of searching a car without warrant arises here. This is also allowed under the Fourth Amendment but even this action required the presence of enough

Ernest Gaines’s novel Essay Example for Free

Ernest Gaines’s novel Essay Education is widely defined as the act or process of imparting knowledge of skill. But the primary function of education is the eradication of ignorance. Ignorance is multi-layered. A social awareness can be a camouflage for spiritual ignorance. An erudite thinking can be used to mask philosophical ignorance. A teacher can learn hither to unknown aspects of his teaching through the very act of teaching. Because Ignorance is like the mythical beast who can grow ten heads for each head that is slain. Education is the sword that accomplishes the eradication of social, spiritual and philosophical ignorance – but only gradually and by continuous application to daily life. That precisely is a powerful underlying theme of Ernest Gaines’s novel â€Å"Lesson before Dying† Though looked at different perspectives by different characters of the novel, Education is the ultimate aim of most of them throughout the novel. Tante Lou looks at education as the necessary ability to die like a man, aware of his actions, his fate and the courage needed to face it head on – the education she wants her nephew Grant to impart to Jefferson, the convicted black. For Jefferson, who awaits the date for his execution, education is the ability to dispel the images of being non-human, the opinion which his lawyer fosters on him while using it as his defense. For Grant, education, as it reveals itself is to be able to relate to the needs and emotions of others, the ability to look beyond himself, and the ability to deal with his perennial running away from his past. For the black community of the Louisiana, the education that results from this incident is an increased awareness of their oppression, and the realization of a reality greater than their squalid living would allow them to contemplate – honor in the face of adversity. The setting for the quest of education is set in the initial chapters when the defense attorney uses the weirdest of arguments to plead the case of Jefferson. â€Å"This skull here holds no plans,† the defense attorney explains. â€Å"What you see here is a thing that acts on command. A thing to hold the handle of a plow, a thing to load your bales of cotton, a thing to dig your ditches, to chop your wood, to pull your corn. . . What justice would there be to take this life? Justice, gentlemen? Why, I would just as soon put a hog in the electric chair as this. † This sort of defense has its impact on two people. Jefferson internalizes the argument and starts believing that he is in fact a fool, a hog. While his god mother Emma is determined to ensure that Jefferson does not die in a way to justify his description in court but with the dignity of a man. She enlists the support of Grant Wiggins’s aunt Tante Lou. They come to Wiggins’s place to convince him to educate Jefferson on human dignity before he is executed. Wiggins anticipates and deeply resents this task. Initially Grant is highly reluctant to perform what is required of him. He sees himself as symbolic of all black men who are constantly under the pressure of their folks to be heroic, to perform feats that defy their limitations of ability and social status. He sees Emma’s and Tante Lo’s expectations out of him and Jefferson as a perennial cross that burdens all black men. At the same time he is consumed by guilt – of his reluctant to help Jefferson, his desire to run away from the demands of his society. Vivian, his girl friend tells him that though he does not acknowledge it, he loves his folks and that is the reason he keeps returning to the same roots and past that he so deeply resents. He is at the same time angry and afraid. He is himself consumed by serious doubts about the purpose and the method of his living and now is bewildered how he can teach somebody how to die when he himself does not know how to live. Slowly, Grant begins to understand the enormity and the importance of his task. He is required to transform Jefferson’s execution as an educating experience for a lot of groups of people. To Jefferson himself, he needs to educate the concepts of human dignity. To the blacks of his neighborhood, Jefferson’s death needs to be a spiritual education of revolt against suppression. To the whites, the oppressors, Jefferson’s death needs to be an education in Christian concept of martyrdom. He, the reluctant teacher, who always wanted to follow the advice of his teacher Professor Antoine and leave Bayonne for good (chapter 13), starts realizing the immediacy of his duties. Grant starts to warm to the task at hand. More than Jefferson, this experience gives him lessons on living. His girlfriend Vivian is a case in point. She teaches him the virtue of hope. She is afraid that their affair might become public knowledge leading her to lose custody of her children from the previous marriage. At the same time she has the courage to be led by her heart. She visits Grant at his place, they make love under the sky in a field. She allows herself to be questioned by Grant’s aunt about her religious affiliations. All these instances provide Grant with a counter point to his own world view. His girlfriend has a lot of problems to deal with But she never gives in to cynicism. She never gives up her religious beliefs but, when questioned, has the clarity of thought to say that she will give up her religious affiliation to be united with Grant. Throughout the novel she is a good sounding board to Grant’s rants of cynicism and is a constant source of an alternate point of view. This teaches Grant though very subtly, that his cynicism is a cloak to hide his fears. There builds an uneasy camaraderie at first between Grant and Jefferson. Gradually both men start feeling that the other is helping them deal with their predicament or their life in general. Grant gets Jefferson a radio and book to write his thoughts in. This book starts exerting all the pressure of being an educated and aware man in Jefferson. He confesses that he has never had to think so much in all his life. He had spent all his life doing hard menial labor, pandering to the whites and grinning. If it was meant to be different, he never knew it. This realization that he had the potential to become somebody else which he never actually had the opportunity of becoming makes Jefferson both sad and poignant at his life’s prospects. The change in the attitude of all his friends and the community as a whole is in itself an educating experience. This teaches Jefferson that though they might not have been overtly good to him before, his community identified itself with him and adored him as one of their own. His execution was not just an event of individual pain. His suffering was a point of reference for his family, his friends and his community. In regards to religion, Grant is an unbeliever. He loses faith when in college. But upon Reverend Ambrose’s insistence he does talk to Jefferson about religion. Grant is unable to accept a God who seems to accept and encourage the vast differences in man based entirely on his skin color. His overwhelming cynicism takes him away from religion for which Reverend Ambrose chastises him that he was â€Å"uneducated because he never learnt to care for others†. Though Grant does not regain his faith in organized religion, his mind starts looking for the mercy he wants out of a God who can correct the wrongs of his society. He so desperately wants to get his society to a better station, but feels so powerless to do anything. â€Å"I want you to show them the difference between what they think you are and what you can be. † This is Grant’s demand from Jefferson, and slowly Jefferson internalizes this demand and acquires a composure and dignity worthy of a highly educated man, somebody who is capable of viewing his life philosophically. By behaving with utmost dignity towards his white captors, the sheriff and people around him even the day prior to his execution, he provides valuable lessons in human decency to the bigoted community of whites. The night before his execution, Vivian comes to visit hm and her behavior towards the Jefferson is exemplary. She sets to rest Jefferson’s shame that he is ugly and unclean by kissing his face. This act of compassion helps boost the self-image of Jefferson and enables him to meet his destiny with great equanimity. â€Å"Good by mr wigin tell them im strong tell them im a man† – This entry in Jefferson’s notebook, with all its spelling mistakes is the ultimate grade given to Grant the teacher. He succeeds in making Jefferson an example of Christian charity and dignity. When Paul shaves Jefferson’s head, wrists and ankles before the execution, he calmly entrusts him with his book, his radio and presents him a marble. This act of compassion makes Jefferson the strongest man in the novel and makes Paul realize the gravity of education Grant could provide Jefferson in such a short while. That is the reason he feels proud to shake Grant’s hand in the last chapter of the novel. Martyrdom of an ignorant person which seems to light up the sense of hope of a large community is so replete with religious symbolism. At the same time it is a praiseful hymn to education, not as a system of teaching skills or imparting knowledge, but as a method of eradicating the darkness in its various forms from man’s heart – loss of hope, cynicism, self centeredness, bigotry. Education is also the method of erecting monuments for virtuous qualities in human heart after it has succeeded in eradicating the grossness of vilifying emotions- monuments of forgiveness, selflessness, sharing, and dignity in the face of death and danger. Lesson before Dying is about Lessons in Living. Works cited Gaines, Ernest J. A Lesson Before Dying: A Novel. Vancouver: Vintage Books, 1994.

Promotional and Advertising Strategies Essay Example for Free

Promotional and Advertising Strategies Essay Promotion and marketing are among the most essential market mix features or elements. Market mix involves different strategies commonly known as the 4P’s: product, price, place and promotion. The key motive of promotion is to increase clients’ awareness of a brand or a project increase brand loyalty and generating sales. Promotional mix is composed of diverse elements such as personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, publicity and direct marketing. Both large and small customers understand the importance of promotional advertising strategies such as turning a new product to become a household name or established products into to top priority of the customer. Small and large companies benefit through applying different strategies of promotion and attracting more customers. A television set has become a necessity in the modern life with all the families searching for the best brand that is easier to operate and has more applications. Different organizations have ventured into the manufacturing and assembling of television set to enjoy the advantages (Scissors Roger 2002). The paper will focus on advertising and promotional strategies applied by different companies that concentrate with manufacturing and assembling television sets. Samsung and Sony have emerged as the two most successful organizations in the manufacturing and distribution of television sets. The two companies apply different promotional and advertising strategies to maintain themselves on the top of the business. Comparison of Promotional Strategies used by both Sony and Samsung to Market Television Sets. Product Sampling It is one among the most effective promotional strategies utilized by large firms to market their products and launch new products with the motive of promoting multiple product purchases. Both Sony and Samsung are large companies that understand the power of promotional strategies in turning a new product to a priority in clients shopping list. The two companies deals with many types of electronics. Therefore, anytime they launch a new product; they offer a product that is of a lower price fee attached to the new product. While marketing large televisions, they offer free samples of another product of the same company such as a radio attached to the pack of the television. It results to an increase in sales since customers feels that on just buying a television set, one will win a portable radio for free. Samsung and Sony have applied the strategy and made their product top in the sales list. Free Service and Trial Periods There are numerous companies that do business with manufacturing and distribution of television sets. However, most of the companies produce products of low quality hence leading to wastage in a short time. Samsung and Sony are two main companies that have faith in their products. Therefore, in areas where residents have the fear of counterfeit and sub-standard products, they win their trust trough offering free repair services in a given period. The period is referred to as a trial period used for the clients to test and confirm that products are of good quality. Both Samsung and Sony take it as a necessity to provide a warrant for their television sets (Mulhern, 2009). The warranty is given in terms of years from the time of buying depending on the value of a television set. Within the period covered by the warranty, the manufacturer offers a free service to repair minor damages and a new product in cases of major damage. Contrast of Promotional Strategies used by both Sony and Sam sung to Market Television Sets Despite being successful organizations, Sony uses public relations to promote its television sets. Here, the company depends on the press for its advantage. In most cases, Sony launches all its new products in televisions, radio stations, public relation events and press releases. On the other hand, Samsung applies personal selling. In personal selling, Samsung targets individual communication with members of the general public who seems to be potential buyers. In the strategy, Samsung makes use of salesmen, showrooms,  dealers and exhibitions. However, the two strategies have the same aim of attracting more potential clients. Another contrast between Samsung and Sony in marketing television sets is the use of social media. The two uses the social media as a strategy of advertising. However, Samsung only specializes on the social media while launching a new product. Contrary, Sony advertises all types of television sets manufactured by the company through the social media with the motive of increasing the general sales of television sets. Ways in which a company can use marketing information to differentiate itself in the marketplace and gain advantage offer its competitors. There are different ways in which companies that deals with manufacturing and distribution of television sets can use marketing information and remain outstanding among other companies dealing with the same product. One of the ways is targeting. It is the method via which the organization can communicate with the right segment and ensure that they rate in response for their advantage (Flew, 2008). A company must conduct market research and use the information to plan the best group of people to target relating the information with the marketing strategies objectives. The objectives of marketing promotion strategies and advertising are outstanding. Therefore, if a company can identify the best target group, it will be able to select the best and suitable method of communication and achieve the set target. The second way in which a company dealing with manufacturing and distribution of television sets can use marketing information to differentiate itself in the marketplace is positioning. It refers to the art of developing a unique image of a product or company. It can be achieved through messaging branding and cooperate identity. In an advertisement, if a company dealing with television sets can convince members of the general public that its products are cheap to purchase and maintain and yet maintain a high quality, it will prosper. The image will enable the company to move to high levels since most of the people who are in need of television sets require a good that is of better quality, but affordable. Uses of customer oriented promotion that can assist a company in both short-term and long-term Customer oriented sales promotion refers to the techniques of sales promotion that are the target to ultimate customers such as samples, coupons, contests, sweepstakes, premium offers and rebates. All the modes of sales promotion that are customer oriented, samples stand among the best and  unique forms of promotions that can assist a company in both short-term and long-term. In short-term, the company will be able to sell many television sets since most of the customers will be targeting to gain the free samples attached to the television sets. It will result to an increment in sales hence an increment in revenue. In long-term, the company will benefit since the client who attains the free sample will have a chance to try the free sample attached to the television set and hence become a potential customer of the product in the future. Free samples are given from products produced by the same company (Kotler Kevin, 2009) Therefore; sampling enables the company o market two products at the same time. The other customer oriented promotion strategy that can assist a company in both short-term and long-term is discounts. Discounts are given to clients who purchase products in bulk and sometimes even to single items. In short-term, discounts attract many customers to buy the products hence increasing the volume of sales. An increment in volume of sales increases company’s revenue. In long-term, a company benefits from discounts since many people can buy television sets during the period that discounts are offered. It results to many people acquiring a good time to try the product since the price is low. In the future, customers can identify the product as a reliable one and hence take it as an option while purchasing a similar product in the future. Those who buy a product during the discount period because of the price can enjoy the advantage a factor that make them choose the product in the future to continue enjoying the advantage. Pricing Decision The price of the product is among the key elements of the marketing mix that determine the sales of a product. There are many organizations that deal with manufacturing and distribution of television sets. However, they offer different prices of their products depending with the pricing objectives that the company chooses. There are four main objectives of pricing in sales promotion. They are the modes of communication made by organizations to their clients related to price of their products. The four pricing objectives include; coupons, competitions, discounts and loyalty incentives. Sony is a leading company in manufacturing and distributing television sets. The company uses different strategies to regulate the price of different television sets. Among the key pricing strategies is competition. The  company makes sure that it offers the best prices for different television sets to make the televisions affordable to different social classes of people. It offers unique prices to fit all social classes. Sony also offers discounts to clients who buy products in large volumes and those who visit them for the first time. It has helped the company attract many clients for its products and remain outstanding in the field. Other companies that deal with manufacture and distribution of television sets may take coupons to enable them discern themselves and benefit a competitive gain. Coupons are vouchers or tickets that a company offers to its clients to enable the customers enjoy given advantages (Flew, 2008). Provision of coupons attracts many people with the motive of enjoying the coupons. It results to many people purchasing the product hence having a chance to learn about the product, and the company enjoys large volume of sales. Other companies dealing with manufacturing and distribution of television sets can also offer discounts to their clients to enable them enjoy low prices and enjoy their advantage. Most Effective Advertising Medium There are numerous mediums of marketing such as billboards, radio, televisions, newspapers, magazines, yellow pages and the internet. In the past, television was the most effective advertising medium. However, time has changed. Today, the information and technology devices have changed the world into an economic village. Many people visit websites either for fun, studies or assistance. Therefore, the internet linked services are the most effective medium of advertising (Kerin, 2012). It is because the group of people who can be a good target for the companies dealing with manufacturing and distribution of television is the young people. A large number of youths spends a great deal of their time on social media sites such as Facebook, blogs, twitter, and other similar websites. Therefore, if a company can launch an advertisement through the internet, it will be able to reach many people at a global level. In conclusion, since promotion and advertising are important elements in the marketing mix, all companies should aim to establish the most effective promotion and advertising strategies. To develop a promotional and advertising strategy, the company should take different steps to ensure that the best role of marketing is achieved. The steps involve segmentation, targeting, positioning and messaging. All  mediums of advertisement are reliable depending on the setting and the target group of people. Sales promotion is vital. Thus, all organizations should focus on the best ways of engaging in sales promotion without fail. References Flew, Terry, (2008) New media: An introduction. Melbourne- Oxford University Press pp. 117. Kotler, Philip, Kevin Lane Keller (2009) Framework for marketing management. Pearson Prentice Hall. Kerin, R., (2012). Marketing-The Core. McGraw-Hill Ryerson pp. 31. Mulhern, F., (2009) Integrated marketing communications From media channels to digital connectivity. Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol.15, No. 2-3, pp. 85. Scissors, J., Roger B., (2002) Advertising media planning. McGraw-Hill Publisher.

Marketng Analysis of Bajaj Fans

Marketng Analysis of Bajaj Fans Critically analysis of the Bajaj fans contribution of marketing planning to the process of the strategic development In the strategic development process begins with strategic planning. Strategic planning is the process of developing overall plan strategies for the whole of organization. Under the strategic planning process evaluate answering the following questions; Where are we now? How did we get there? Where are we heading? Where would like to be? How do we get there? After that review whole planning process part by part sequential order. Those steps are; Analyze Vision and Strategic intent where we want to be future Reviewing mission statement in terms of rationale for existence of the business and value of the business. Under this review process evaluates further Purpose, values, Competencies, Culture, Polices and Product As a next step developing goals and objectives for whole organization Then carrying out the position audit by using SWOT analysis techniques and identify gaps. To fill that the above gaps evaluating corporate strategic choices. Here generating the strategic options by answering the following question; How to compete Where to compete method of growth As well as evaluating options by using the following criterias acceptability (evaluating based on stakeholders goals, objectives and their power), suitability (evaluating in relation with mission and strategic intent) and Feasibility (in terms of financial viability and risk) There after finishing that process start strategic implementation process. In this stage do the followings ; Resources Planning Draft operations plans, structure and culture Change (Implement changes) Implement Functional Strategies Productions operation strategies R D strategies Marketing strategies (Marketing mix, Segmentation, PLC analysis, MIS). HRM (Personal planning, Motivation, Appraisal) Finance strategies (source of finance, investment) IT strategies Looking at actual performance Review and control (assessing the deviation from plan and make corrective actions based on that) As final stage link to the step called strategic analysis. How the marketing planning contributing to strategic development process can be seen in above mentioned step number 5. If the company is having more than one business, there are three type of strategies can be identified those are; Corporate strategy Business and functional strategies Corporate level strategies are focused; Maximize share holders wealth Increase the overall profitability company as a whole Typically focused determining overall propose of the business. Decisions on mergers and acquisitions sell off or closure of business units. Maintain relationship with key stakeholders of the business such as investors, government and regulatory body. Explore new market Developing corporate image Under the Business strategies developed for division in the larger organization, that has a significant degree of autonomy basically responsible for developing and marketing their own products or services. Functional strategies mainly focused on selection of decision rule of the in each of functional area. In this case Baja electrical division or business unit (SBU) has draft a product marketing plan for fans. Under that product marketing plan strategic business unit has analyze, create and developed strategies to support the corporate strategies in the every aspect. Such as profitability, market share, developing corporate image by using corporate brand with the products. As a final conclusion Can say Bajaj fans marketing plan has contribute significantly for the strategic development process. Appraise marketing plan of Bajaj fans with suitable marketing element of marketing mix Under the marketing plan of bajaj fan has considered all the aspect of marketing mix element such product, STP process, price, place, and promotion). 2.1. Product analysis 2.1.1. Product mix This has developed to attract the customers (different segment).Those product mix are Ceiling fans, TPW fans (Table/ Pedestal / wall) and fresh air fans. Not only that under that they have developed different design like decorative and non decorative based on the segment. 2.1.2. Brand Name for the fan product category very low focused given by customers even bajaj fans was not included in the consideration set under their decision making process. That was major weakness. To eliminate that weakness they have come up with new strategies called umbrella branding (family branding) 2.1.3. Packaging Company has changed their graphic on packaging for entire product rage. 2.2. Segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) At earlier stage company has followed niche marketing strategies. Company segmentation bases are price, quality and aesthetics look. Based on that segmentation criterias, they have introduced different product categories for each segment. Price based segmentation with sub brands as follows; Product category Price High price Medium price Low price Ceiling fans Crown Maxima Bahar , Grace TPW fans Crown Bahar Fresh air fans Aesthetics look based segmentation Decorative Non decorative Company product position strategies is that benefit positioning, Price quality positioning and performance based positioning revolutions per minutes RPS (speed, cooling). 2.3. Pricing analysis Company maintains the cost based pricing policy. There major weakness of the pricing having high margins for distributors. That has directly affected on their profitability because of high cost is incurred for distributors margins. To save that cost company has started distribution of products by using their own vehicles. 2.3. Promotion analysis Major media is television because of cable and satellite TV penetration is very high. Mainly advertising on C S channels such as star, Sony, Zee. Different types of TV commercial has developed air time (10,20 30).These TV commercial showing by using the different language. Major communication message is that Subse Tez Under the advertising they have new packaging strategies are incorporated with posters, POPs, Shops or dealers, boards and other communication elements direct mail. Followed different marketing recalling elements such as promotion team with braded t-shirts and caps, distribute leaflet for potential customers on point of sales. Used to promote the product dealers word of mouth recommendation to increase the sales. AS a pull strategy thy used pull strategies by organizing different contest among the customers, attractive pops, display schemes. 2.4. Place analysis (Distribution) There distribution strategies reduced by one layer. Company directly distributes their products to the retailers. As well as they have developed separate distribution network sub economy market segment. At the same time promoting dealers under pull strategy to keep their loyalty, increase shop share and attract the customers. Logistic is very strong 20 branches after sales service centers around 200 franchise that is also increasing the sales capacity of the channel. Identify the process of the developing and using brand identity of Bajaj with further evaluation of marketing segmentation, competitive analysis To develop the brand identity company used major strategy is umbrella strategy strengthening the product with corporate brand. That increases the customer credibility and dealers loyalty. At same time they are promoting by using pull strategies both party customers and dealers that is help to increase the brand loyalty of dealers. Not only that they are using TV commercial to communicate the brand identity for the different market segment that is on of the strategy which help to upgrade the top of mind brad awareness. In terms market Segmentation Company has develop different market based on the price, quality and aesthetics look. This also helps develop brand awareness of those market segments. Currently in market leading players are; Crompton, orient, polar, Khaitan, Usha. Current situation is level of competition very high and that is reducing margin of products because of profit divided into the above major competitors. Bajaj market segmentation strategy is also helping to face that competition. Because of all the above players are having their own production plant as well as gained economies of scale. Therefore major strategies that they need to be followed develop the customer loyalty via product performance and after sales services. As well as Bajaj Company use the promoters to develop brand awareness among the customer by using branded T shirts and caps. Some time such capacities do not have competitors to promote their products. Analyze the marketing capabilities of Bajaj fans to utilize the current technologies e-marketing and e commerce platform. If the bajaj used e marketing tools and techniques under this context of e commerce by which creating new distribution channel for the bajaj company as well as e marketing is help to reach different customer segment on individual basis ( via email campaign marketing) and corporate segment. In addition to that the following benefit and advantage that they can gain out of the e marketing; Can access wider rage of the market because of penetration of internet and email usage is very high. Therefore, in terms of cost vs. benefit, benefit is higher than cost, because of cost to reach very low. As example if the company developed websites by spending INR 150,000 and suppose that 1500 peoples access per month to site (150,000 /1500 = 100) in the first moth cost is 100 Indian rupees. Month by moth that cost is reduced only thing that they need invest that capital for web site. That web sites is providing adverting and online purchase facility also can be set. When online marketing is going to apply it is ideal for corporate segment such as companies, building housing contractors. Online purchasing help reduce time gap in ordering and delivering product. As well as it is reducing the retailer margin which that they paying for retail sales. Online promotional campaign also can carry out by using e marketing tools such as pop up advertising, cross promotions. Disadvantage of e marketing and e commerce are technical failures and security issues. By analyzing those cost benefit as well as advantage and disadvantage Bajaj Company apply new technology to improve their communication, sales and to beat the competition. As final conclusion bajaj has feasibility to use the new technology. In the future they can collect domestic and international corporate orders via web. That will deliver greatest benefit for them. Therefore bajaj is capable enough use the new technology under this scenario.